Saturday, February 02, 2008

Adapting Our Farms and Gardens to Climate Change

When I worry about climate change, I often think first about human consequences. But the line between human losses and nature’s losses is pretty fine – literally a tree falling in the forest question. That is, if the sugar maples that turn my region into a blaze of red, the hemlocks that overshadow my creek disappear, who loses me or natures? The only answer is “yes.”
My own guess is this – if it is not already too late to avoid many of the worst effects of climate change, it shortly will be, and if we do not act quickly, our losses will grow each year. I see no signs of quick action. I hope for them, of course, and work for them, but there comes a point at which we all need to turn to the problem of mitigation.

If climate change is happening, if we will see our gardens move south steadily, that brings us a host of challenges. The first is that we will need to find ways to feed ourselves in our new climates. For some, this may not be difficult. For others, moving into a hotter, desert like world, it may be very, very painful.

But the land we husband can do more than simply feed us – it can soften the blows of climate change, help bring new and valuable species into regions just becoming able to support them, or on the contrary, help breed and adapt new varieties of old residents of our areas, so that they not lost to us. They can provide wildlife habitat for new and old species, and even microclimates, in which things being chased to extinction can survive. To an extent, we can even hold back raging floods and deserts with our hands.

Does that sound too extreme? It is, nonetheless, true. That is, one of the most remarkable examples of what small scale husbandry can do is shown by Wangari Maathai’s Green Belt Movement in Kenya, which has planted more than 30 million trees in Kenya, a nation deforested by a combination of colonialism and poor management. As deserts encroached, Maathai demonstrated the only way to keep them back was to create oases of trees, producing food, drawing up water, cooling people and making areas livable. The trees were planted, almost all by poor women, most of them desperately poor, who carry water to their trees each day by hand, because they know that the way to fight the desert is trees. My friend Kate worked for a while with the Green Belt Activists, and she said that in Kenya, trees are powerful – they free up labor for women who no longer have to walk miles for firewood, and provide food and security. But most of all, the trees create life – it is possible to live in a place shaded and lush with green, in a way it is not for most of us in the desert.

How many of us live in places where topsoil washes away, where rising temperatures are reducing water? We need a worldwide Green Belt movement, bringing suitable, food and wood producing trees to the driest and hottest places. That is the beginning of our gardens – the planting of the trees that will make them possible, that carry water from the deepest places, repair and hold soil, and create places we can live.

We will have to choose our trees carefully, especially in the hottest and driest places, but we must plant them – and if necessary, carry water the way the women of Kenya do. One tree that more of us ought to consider is Moringa, a naturalized shrubby tree that has several highly drought tolerant strains, but will grow as a die-back perennial as far north as Atlanta. The leaves are enormously nutritious, a single tablespoon of dried moringa containing 100 % of the Vitamin A, 14% of the protein, 40% of the calcium and 23% of the iron needed by a small child. The fresh leaves are rich in Vitamin C as well. The seeds make a high quality cooking oil, and the pods can be cooked and eaten like green beans.

Water is likely to be a huge issue all over the world. One of the things we can do to deal with this crisis is grow our own – although that requires irrigation water, Gary Nabhan of Native Seed/Search, in his book _Coming Home to Eat_ documents that generally speaking, homegrown produce, even in drought regions, uses up less water than produce trucked in from distant places. In many cases, the sheer cost of refrigerating produce means that it uses more water even within the dry region than it does if you grow your own. We must see water shifted to home agriculture when possible. But we also must minimize water use wherever possible, choosing annual and perennial food crops that can handle heat and drought, and growing them in appropriate ways, using greywater, rainwater, and water-thrifty growing techniques.

As we choose our perennial species, we must make decisions. Do we push our zonal limits, moving north plants from southern places that are newly able to survive here? This can be important work, enabling us to replace species as they are lost, and also providing food and habitat for birds and wildlife that move northwards faster than trees and plants can. It does come with some risks – new species can naturalize more swiftly and aggressively than we would like them to.

But human beings have perturbed the climate and transformed the world unwittingly, making mistake after mistake in our rearrangement of nature. We cannot wash our hands of the work and say “it is too complex for me – best not mess with it” – we’ve already messed with it, now our project is to use every power we have – mind, imagination, passion, strong backs – to do the imperfect best we can to shape our future. We will undoubtedly make wrong choices and do harm – but better we try as wisely as we can to fix what is broken than we go on choosing without thought or care.

And so we begin to push our limits. I have recently added the hardiest of the hardy bamboos to my yard, and we shall see whether it becomes a pest, or if it even survives. But the sheer usefulness of bamboo makes me think that the choice is worth the risk. And if it does not survive this time, perhaps in a year or two, it will. Although I hold little hope of it attracting pandas, it may yet serve other purposes for our native wildlife. My Maypop survived its first winter here – as far as I know, it is the only maypop in my region of rural upstate New York. But perhaps, if it survives and fruits, someday the seeds will grow in someone else’s garden, and on again.

You see wild teasel growing all over the place here – its spiny heads are unmistakable. It is hard to imagine that this pesky weed was once a major crop in my area – used to brush down the nap of woven cloth in the cloth mills of Lowell, MA, farmers once grew acres of teasel – now it is a wild thing, unloved, untended. And it shows just how quickly crops can change – what will New Yorkers grow, for example, when olive oil is too expensive to import from California and Italy? My own guess is oilseed pumpkins that once filled fields in Germany. I plant them now, not because I think the days of oil pressing pumpkin seeds are coming quickly, but so that I will have seeds to share – and for their delicious pumpkin seeds.

We can also to a degree stem the tide of loss of beloved species. In my region, the two trees I first mentioned, the glorious Sugar Maple and the cooling hemlock, are both projected to disappear from my region this century. In the desert southwest, the pinion pines are disappearing, and one report suggests that someday, Redwood national forest will have no redwoods in it.

But although species are lost, they rarely disappear entirely. Despite the depredations of Dutch elm disease, in my region you sometimes see that beautiful vase like shape in the middle of an old field, a tree that lived even though the rest did not. The American chestnut, that two centuries ago filled half the eastern forests, is gone – but there are a few left that grow up from stumps and even produce the occasional nut before dying back. It is these hardy, partially resistant specimens that offer hope to plant breeders that we might bring back the Chestnuts and the Elms.

But that work isn’t the work of professional plant breeders alone. All of us who own even a tiny postage stamp of a yard can get to know our trees, watch them and the ones around them. Perhaps your maples or pinion pines will show signs of withstanding warmer temperatures, or resistance to new diseases moving northwards. Perhaps if in the autumn, you take a garden bed and plant some seeds, you will give birth to the next generation of familiar plants.
Backyard plant breeding sounds hard, but it is as simple as this – when an annual or perennial crop is grown in your place, a host of information and slight adaptations are created to your conditions. The children of this plant will have a taste of those adaptations in their blood – study after study has found that the plant children of first generation transplants uniformly do better adapt more easily to a climate. That is, if you grow a heat loving squash like “Seminole” in your borderline too cool climate, and mature only one fruit, the next year the seeds of that fruit will be better able to handle your cool soil and nights, and perhaps you will get two, or three, and the next generation still better.

This works with both annual and perennial crops – seed saving is not just a way to save money or preserve genetic diversity, but a way of increasing yields, and often, increasing the nutritional value of a crop, for as plants respond to stress, they lose nutrients. A plant adapted to your region, soil, climate will have more energy to create beautiful, healthy, nutritious edible parts.
Soil saving can mitigate the harm of climate change – rich soils, high in organic matter, over time can store as much carbon as a similarly sized forest, and pasture animals as well. If we were to transform the millions of acres of lawn to high humus pasture, or rich garden soil, we could soften the blow of climate change a great deal. The process of cover cropping, adding manures and nurturing a piece of land may not just help us adapt – it may limit the amount of adaptation we have to do.

What about wildlife? We are destroying our species so thoroughly – a third or more by mid-century that we must give them a hand. Whether we manage 10 acres or a 20 x 20 yard, we can plant diverse species, and protect endangered wild plants at the margins of our gardens. We can work to attract wildlife, and to meet its needs for food, water, shelter, places to reproduce. We can watch for new species, and changes in habit, and strive to adapt to them.
One garden among a row of postage stamp lawns seems like it can do nothing to stem the loss of wildlife, but you’d be surprised. Thousands of insect and animal species can live in a single yard, and hundreds more may visit on their way somewhere else. Your milkweed may be the difference between monarchs next year, your wild places the one that the bumblebees rely upon. And moreover, your influence doesn’t lie only on the ground, but on what you start in your neighborhood – the neighbor you persuade to leave a little space for the bumblebee.

Farmers might consider bringing back their hedgerows, even using British style “laid” hedges as livestock fencing. In those hedgerows we can provide habitat, animal feed, and also wood and food for ourselves. Mixing traditional regional species with those who might adapt, we can create integrated plant colonies, or Permaculture style “guilds” that may adaptively work together, enabling the plants as whole to do better than any isolated specimen.

In some places, the robins never leave at all for the winter, but here they still do, and every year I record the first time they return. This year it was January 27th, the first time I have ever seen them here in January. The first year it was mid-February. They lay earlier, too, and the ones that return each year to the nest in the old chicken house on our property sometimes lose their babies to cold. Last year, I started going out in the evening, once the parents were on their nests, and simply shutting the door to the chicken house, rising early in the morning and opening it. Last year, the first batch of babies survived.

It might be wisest to have our gardens do a little of each thing – bring in some new crops and push our regional limits, particularly when such crops might fill a void, such as pumpkin seeds in a vegetable fat poor region, or leguminous trees that can be interplanted with annual crops to feed the soil and respire moisture into the air. But also, we can protect and preserve what we have, watering a little, if we have it to spare, to enable the old crops to hang on a little longer, to find the ones that might survive.

As my own home gets warmer and wetter, it is a challenge to figure out what my new norms are. It is warming in the spring, but I’m not planting any earlier most years, because the rains are so heavy that it isn’t possible. In anticipation of a time when I might truly need the food I can produce in April here, I am building some beds, with gravel at their base, designed to dry out even in the wet times. With a little protection, I hope that fresh greens and perhaps rhubarb will produce soon enough to bring the spring season home a little earlier, and to stretch the winter food reserves.

The changes in the spring flooding season also mean that it is more important than ever to keep topsoil from eroding and the banks of my creek stemmed with trees. My own security from flooding depends on not losing soil, and on keeping my ground intact. Near the ocean, this may mean finding salt tolerant marsh and reed plants to hold back soil, or in heavy wet soils, finding root crops, like cattails, that can take the place of less wet tolerant foods in our diets.

n hot, dry places, the whole system of agriculture may have to change to a Permaculture/vegeculture model. That is, field scale cultivation may not be possible as things get dryer and hotter – in many drought stricken parts of Kenya, the only places to grow gardens are under the shade of leafy oases. That means returning to traditional African models of agriculture, that integrated small, intermittent patches of root crops with perennial tree and vine crops (more on this here: http://casaubonsbook.blogspot.com/2007/09/vegeculture-further-rethinking-how-we.html). When Europeans came to Africa, at first they could not understand how Africans fed themselves from their tiny gardens, but soon they realized that they cultivated the forest.

We too will probably have to cultivate our forests, and change the shape of our food cultures and food production. That is, climate change won’t just change our gardens, but our diets as well. It may be necessary to give up the hope of summer salads in hotter places, and accept that summer is a time for other foods, or to give more priority to cool weather cultivation for staple crops.

Here, our growing seasons seems to lengthen on the autumn end – 3 out of the six falls I’ve spent here, we’ve had a frost more than 10 days after our traditional frost date. My neighbors with a hoophouse had fresh tomatoes and peppers until Thanksgiving last year. So I need to plant better fall gardens, and wait longer before taking out winter stores – if I can be growing crops into early December, I should be.

There is no single process of adaptation – every region will have to deal with its own projections, and the specific ecology of a place and time. And as quickly as we determine what we should do, we will probably have to change it again – for climate change moves forward, whether we like it or not. But the preservation, sustenance and recreation of a piece of land is good work, and necessary work. The starting point is beginning to look hard at the realities of the problem, and anticipate what our landscapes may look like, and what it might need and enable.

Sharon

28 comments:

steve said...

Sharon, I have been reading your blogs for about six months. I enjoy them very much. You inspire me to do things I could not imagine last year. I planted several different bamboos last spring. Lately, I have been walking long distances for a multitude of reasons, 1)to get in better physical condition, 2)to learn what it is to move without an automobile, 3)to scrounge, aluminum cans, spare change, nuts,bolts, tools, whatever, 4)to get in touch with the earth etc, etc. Anyhow, please, please keep writing, I am looking forward to getting a copy of your book. steve

Anonymous said...

I agree with this idea of planning ahead, but carefully. We have the dual problem of choosing long-lived species in a changing climate and a region notorious for wildly variable weather. How do we choose well?

We live on a Zone 4, windswept ridge, so our list of failures is impressive (hardy roses, blackberries, even arctic kiwi), but we have found some survivors too:

- Miller's Zone 4 grapes, nope. We went with St Lawrence Nurseries Zone 2/3 vines. And those precocious vines fruited their second season!

- Strawberries are vigorous enough to get buried in goat mulch and stay low enough to miss the winds. Plus their ever-bearing nature gives them multiple windows of fruiting. If drought or flood whacks one crop, there is still time for another before fall.

- Nuts of any kind. Deep roots bring up moisture from far below. The downside is the time until first crop. We are trying black walnut (7 yrs down, 7 to go till first crop) and a filbert cross (10' hedges! Just four more years to nuts).

- Wild foods - I highly recommend "The Forager's Harvest" by Sam Thayer, a smaller list of wild foods than some books, but it has great detail on the taste and how to prepare and store what you bring in. They made our wild nannyberries super-easy to freeze as a paste.

Take Home Message - we should choose species hardier than we need - and stop babying them too much.

Jeff Vail said...

Hi Sharon-

I planted a 30' x 6' area with a cold-hardy bamboo, phylostachys bissetii (sp?), three summers ago (in Denver). It has done very well through one very cold winter (several nights to -20), and 1.5 moderate winters (nothing below -10). Culms are already to 8', and I'm hoping for several dozen to break 10' this Summer. With a very heavy layer of mulch, they manage in the relatively arid climate here (14" per year) with only a few deep waterings from late-spring to mid-summer. Good luck with yours!

AKfitknit said...

I live in Alaska, in a spot that is just barely Zone 3, and I am planting a garden here for the first time this summer. I am anxious to try lots of different things to see what does well. (And I have to admit to joking on occassion about global warming making it possible to grow peaches here soon.)

Lori
www.lifeonthelastfrontier.blogspot.com

Anonymous said...

Regarding 'cultivating the forest' ... the tree crops that grow best in my climate are fruits and pecans. I am under the impression, however, that most fruits are no where near as nutritious as most vegetables. You would have to eat eight oranges to get as much vitamin C as one cup of broccoli, for example. So although I am planting fruit trees as fast as I can amend the soil, I have to wonder if it will be enough to meet my nutritional needs. Any thoughts?

Lissa said...

Hi Sharon,

Thanks for all of this information. I'm a northern neighbor, probably within 75 miles, and have just joined Pattie's Victory Garden Drive with Foodshed Planet - I can't wait to plant my garden. If you have a moment, could you expound a bit on the specific varieties of vegetables that you've planted, and which have worked well? I would definitely appreciate it!

Anonymous said...

This post is great, Sharon. Thank you for it.

I'm planning a little guerilla gardening in sunny spots in the public right-of-way this year. Maybe I should add oilseed pumpkins to my list.

Chile said...

Here is an interesting article on a man who "farms" water, written by Brad Lancaster who writes and teaches about Rainwater Harvesting in the Drylands. The second volume of his 3-volume set is due out very soon. He also has a website with some info.

Michelle In TN said...

A nice orderly extension of seasons
would be nice, but alas, it's not
so. Here in north Georgia, we had
a late killer frost. followed by drought, followed by 3 weaks of drowning rain, then more drought
until late October. I had < 25%
germination rates, and even less
survived long enough to be
harvested. I planted a winter
garden 3 times before the weather
turned cooler and damper. I only
harvested turnips, before all the
frosts came. I left them in the ground. I expected my painted
mountain corn to flourish, yet it
never even germinated. I threw
some old beans in the ground, and
they produced despite it all. I
saved those scarlet runner beans
and fingerling potatoes like
the jewels they are.
Michelle

Andrew said...

Saving seed in addition to preserving genetic diversity also creates it. This occurs by two mechanisms. First through the wonders of sex genes are reshuffled, almost certainly in unique combinations that have never before existed. And second, mutation creates brand new genetic diversity fairly quickly. Population geneticists have found that population that are genetically damaged by temporarily having a small population and thus a small gene pool actually can recover quite quickly. So save those seeds for the future.

Kory said...

not to mention that selectively choosing seeds from your strongest plants will improve the breed.

One of my numerous projects this year will be observing the wooded area used as a cross country trail by the nearby college, and hopefully find a few spots to do some clandestine forest gardening too.

I wonder if...were the project in kenya expanded on a global scale... could we stem the tide of carbon accumulation in the atmosphere?

Anonymous said...

Gerat article! Planting Moringa might not be the best choice for people in subtropical areas. It is useful for oil and does grow easily, but the flip side of that is that it has the potential to become weedy or perhaps even invasive in a damaged habitat (such as these regions may be in a few decades, if they are not already). Rather than planting an import from another continent, why not help valuable native plants (and plant communities) to survive by selecting plants from areas directly south of you?

I am sure impressed that you've got maypop going in New York, BTW.

Dewey

Anonymous said...

About erosion control plants: I've heard good things about hemp plants. Supposedly they have extensive and fast growing root systems and also produce much usable fibers and oils.

Anonymous said...

Okay…for all those looking for something to inspire them. I think I’ve found it. I own a pond and love the natural look of my water feature, yet long for something to spice things up every once in a while (when entertaining). Well…I found it!!! It is a remote controlled, floating fountain that doesn’t require any installation. It came to me complete with EVERYTHING in it! For me, the untechnical one, I was delighted that I didn’t have to do anything but plug it in and turn on the remote. It cycles through different spray and light effects and can shoot as tall as 10 feet high ALL BY THE REMOTE! Wow, now that is convenient. The interesting thing for me is that I thought I would only use it occasionally. But, I find it is intoxicating to watch and a nice change of scenery when I can turn it on for a couple hours a night (kind of like a fireplace) and then turn it off when I got to bed. It is really relaxing to listen to. Check it out! www.tobafountains.com

Anonymous said...

A片,A片,成人網站,成人漫畫,色情,情色網,情色,AV,AV女優,成人影城,成人,色情A片,日本AV,免費成人影片,成人影片,SEX,免費A片,A片下載,免費A片下載,做愛,情色A片,色情影片,H漫,A漫,18成人

a片,色情影片,情色電影,a片,色情,情色網,情色,av,av女優,成人影城,成人,色情a片,日本av,免費成人影片,成人影片,情色a片,sex,免費a片,a片下載,免費a片下載

情趣用品,情趣用品,情趣,情趣,情趣用品,情趣用品,情趣,情趣,情趣用品,情趣用品,情趣,情趣

A片,A片,A片下載,做愛,成人電影,.18成人,日本A片,情色小說,情色電影,成人影城,自拍,情色論壇,成人論壇,情色貼圖,情色,免費A片,成人,成人網站,成人圖片,AV女優,成人光碟,色情,色情影片,免費A片下載,SEX,AV,色情網站,本土自拍,性愛,成人影片,情色文學,成人文章,成人圖片區,成人貼圖

交友,AIO交友愛情館,AIO,成人交友,愛情公寓,做愛影片,做愛,性愛,微風成人區,微風成人,嘟嘟成人網,成人影片,成人,成人貼圖,18成人,成人圖片區,成人圖片,成人影城,成人小說,成人文章,成人網站,成人論壇,情色貼圖,色情貼圖,色情A片,A片,色情小說,情色小說,情色文學,寄情築園小遊戲, 情色A片,色情影片,AV女優,AV,A漫,免費A片,A片下載

Anonymous said...

禮服店 ,酒店小姐 ,酒店經紀 ,酒店兼差,酒店打工, 酒店上班,酒店經紀PRETTY GIRL 台北酒店經紀人 ,酒店經紀 酒店兼差PRETTY GIRL酒店公關 酒店小姐 彩色爆米花酒店兼職,酒店工作 彩色爆米花禮服店, 酒店上班,酒店工作 PRETTY GIRL酒店喝酒酒店上班 彩色爆米花台北酒店酒店小姐 PRETTY GIRL酒店上班酒店打工PRETTY GIRL酒店打工酒店經紀 彩色爆米花酒店兼差,酒店,酒店經紀,酒店經紀,經紀公司,經紀公司,經紀公司,經紀公司,經紀公司,經紀公司,童裝批發,童裝

Unknown said...

The nation's struggling nice and cheap ugg boots economy continued to affect Los Angeles ugg clearance
real estate prices this year, andJordan Fusions the high-end luxury cheap uggs clearance market was no exceptionjordan basketball shoes. Luxury estates that hit the market in 2010 have undergone big price cuts and air force one shoes fluctuations, with homesugg women in upscale neighborhoods seeing large-scale reductions.

Nike mercurial soccer cleats said...

Said was wonderful, really the best site! Liked by the way best described 2011 Nike soccer cleats.Prefer the all black nike football boots.

obat asam lambung said...

Thanks very interesting blog!

Vitamin Kecantikan Kulit
Nutrisi Glucolife Untuk Kesehatan Kulit Dan Tubuh
pengobatan kanker payudara
obat menstruasi
obat kista ginjal
Deep Sea Fish Oil
toko ace maxs di indonesia
obat asam urat
obat penyakit kista

obat asam lambung said...

Thank you for presenting something that is best, and this gives an idea for all of us a lesson that we always learn from someone
Deep Sea Fish Oil Softgel |
obat alami berkhasiateven if that person is not known to us, obat herbal kista ovariumand success makanan untuk kurangi resiko kanker payudara always for you who have inspired us all!

obat menstruasi said...

Thank you obat thalasemia for presenting something obat herbal tumor telinga that is best, and this gives an idea for all of us a lesson that we always obat kanker getah bening learn from someone even if that person is not obat herbal kista coklat | obat pegal linu known to us, and success always for you who have inspired us all!
obat kanker tulang
obat melancarkan buang air besar
obat tuba falopi
obat flu dan batuk

obat kanker kelenjar getah bening said...


Thank you for presenting something that is best, and this gives an idea for all of us a lesson that we always learn from someone even if that person is not known to us, and success always for you who have inspired us all!
obat kanker payudara
obat kanker serviks

obat kista ginjal said...


Thank you for presenting obat kanker getah bening something that is best, and this gives an idea for all of us a lesson that we always learn from someone even if that person is not known to us, and success always for you who have inspired us all!
solusi mengatasi kanker payudara
obat paru paru basah
obat kanker pankreas
obat kanker getah bening

Halı Yıkama said...

İstanbul Avrupa Yakası Halı Yıkama
Halı Yıkama Hizmetleri
En İyi Halı Yıkama Hangisi
Evde Halı Yıkamanın Püf Noktaları

梁爵 said...

2019.09.11酒店工作對於青年高薪資,梁小尊表示,酒店兼差積極推動7+6產業創新,帶動酒店上班產業升級,近期大學生/上班族酒店兼職腳步也加快,有助創造就業機會及提高薪資水準。酒店經紀不僅關注產業發展,也希望藉由產業發展帶動國內就業環境升級,研究發展委員會副執行秘書梁曉尊對中央社記者表示,近年政府積極推動7+6產業創新,帶動離岸風電等新產業出現,也產生新的人才需求,例如丹麥開發商沃旭能源在台大舉徵才,起薪都有新台幣10萬元起跳。

TOM said...

Climate is so alarming for all of us as it is causing danger all of us. Farmers and their fields are the most effected by them. Now it's time to avail long distance taxi uk for more information.

shatoughth said...

Ysl replica bags n20 c7e69w4l88 buy replica bags online y64 p5y09f5e93 bags replica ysl o25 d5p09l9e97

pheaut said...

replica gucci bags d07 f1e44l6m04 replica bags w23 v2y03w4d63 replica louis vuitton j85 k6r02e7s93