Thursday, May 17, 2007

The Juggler's Lament, Ecological Collapse and Making Change

I really recommend that you check out this article at The Oil Drum, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/2534. Professor Francois Cellier does a fascinating analysis of the impact of ecological footprints, the Human Development Index and the problem of population. Although I don't agree with everything Professor Cellier says, I think he does an excellent job of reviewing the peculiar, and serious stresses on our society and environment. He leaves some important points out, including the possibility of further reducing our footprints voluntarily, and also of voluntarily reducing populations.

Now I'm going to play prophet for a moment, with the caveat that I'm really no better at it than anyone else, and that I'm often wrong. But my guess is that within the next two decades, probably sooner, things will get very, very different, and not in a very nice way. And that when we get there, instead of our being able to point to a single cause "Oh, it was peak oil" or "Damn that climate change" the problem will be a concatenation of factors, many of which we won't recognize when they happen.

Believe it or not, that true of the great depression. Economists and historians still don't have a clear consensus on why the great depression happened, or why it lasted as long as it did. There are theories and arguments, but there is no single event that one can point to. And I predict that we'll find ourselves puzzling (to various degrees) about what went wrong eventually.

One of the most fascinating passages in _The Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update_ is one that describes the way their computer models began to show collapses not due to any single factor, but due, ultimately, to the system being unable to cope.

Wait a minute, you say, _The Limits to Growth_? Didn't we debunk that a long time ago? Actually, the answer is no. The original LTG was a series of models that offered projected possible outcomes. What people remember about it was the direst set of predictions, which were only one of three such models offered up, and which authors specifically said were not intended to be specifically predictive. When you look at the moderate predictions offered by LTG, in fact, it turns out that it was fairly accurate. The problem lay mostly in the publicity.

Since then, the original authors from the Club of Rome have put together two further volumes, the most recent of which was released in 2004. They are now using even more complex computer modelling (than existed in the 1970s), but generally speaking, their current modelling validates their older models as well.

In the 30 year update, Meadows, Meadows and Randers ran multiple models of their "World 3" program, with different inputs. In some of their models, a single factor brought about a crisis - pollution and global warming, or resource depletion. But in others, the origins of the problem were multicausational - the intersection of multiple problems like capital shortages, failures of food production, pollution, soil degradation, depletion began to intersect and exacerbate one another. As they write,

"A second lesson is that the more successfully society puts off its limits through economic and technical adaptations, the more likely it is to run into several of them at the same time. In most World3 runs, including many we have not shown here, the world system does not totally run out of land or food or resources or pollution absorption capability. What it runs out of is the ability to cope." (TLG30, 223)

In one scenario, society addresses the fundamental problem of pollution, but cannot, because of it, resolve the problem of declining agricultural yields. In another, so much capital is diverted to compensatory strategies for dealing with loss of services and new crises that the economy collapses. Or investment in human resources (education, health and welfare, etc...) are eternally deferred to fund war or address crises, until it isn't possible to resolve the technical problems forthcoming.

Over at Running on Empty, Robert Waldrop recently made the connection between the news that tornado cleanup and response were delayed because too many national guardsmen were off at war, the failure of Hurricane Katrina and this basic problem - the inability of the system on a small scale to cope with one too many problems. We can juggle only so many balls in the air before they start to fall, one by one, to the ground. Whether or not Robert's contention is right, one of the reasons I am less than wholly optimistic about our long term future is simply this - we now have an awful lot of balls in the air. I know most of you already know this, but just in case, let's go over some of them:

1. As far as anyone can tell, world oil production seems to have peaked in Spring of 2005. There are some new fields coming on line, although they will not do more than (at best) offset the massive declines of major energy sources. Cantarell (Mexico) is declining at double digit rates. The Saudis are down by 8% in the last year, and show no signs of being able to raise production - in fact, they are predicting decreasing demand due to conservation (probably wishful thinking), which looks awfully like an excuse for not producing. While we may yet see a slightly later peak, the GAO report notes that a majority of petroleum analysts now believe we are at peak.

2. Natural gas is likely to reach its peak in the next decade, and has peaked for the US, and probably North America as well. Two new studies on coal resources suggest that we could reach the halfway mark on coal extraction in as little as 10 to 15 years. Since a vast majority of mitigation plans for climate change have depended on the vision of "clean" coal as an unlimited resource, this means a real reduction in the likelihood that this will be possible. Add to that the fact that the Americas are most likely already past their peak, and that coal is tremendously expensive to transport (as is LNG), and it seems unlikely that either fuel will fill the depletion curve.

3. Climate change is likely to take between 2 and 20 percent of the whole world's GDP for mitigation over the next decades. As a large group of scientist warned recently, week, almost everything about climate change is proceeding faster than predicted in any model. The one consistent truth about climate change is that we have no idea exactly what we're getting into, but it is probably bad.

4. Americans are increasingly living on the edge. Americans now have a negative savings rate, which means that they are living on borrowed money to an enormous degree. The housing market has fueled much of this borrowing, but seems to be on the verge of a crash - foreclosures are rising rapidly, and are expected to increase by 4000 percent over last year in California alone. Most major economists are now predicting a recession - which means job losses. Right now, people are able to get along spending more than they make and borrowing more than they can repay - what happens when job losses begin to rise and people begin to seriously lose their houses?

4. The American economy is also over-extended. We are enormously indebted, and there are troubling signs that China and Japan may not want to loan us money we have no hope of repaying forever. Our national credit rating has been effectively downgraded, and China particularly has been making noises about ceasing to buy US Treasuries. Since this is what is propping up our currency to a large degree, cessation will mean inflation, economic crisis, etc...

5. We are involved in failing wars on two fronts, and we are investing money we could spend on domestic resources in getting our own kids blown up in the middle east. There is every reason to believe that our current president plans to open a third front with Iran, perhaps via Israel, to give us a formal excuse to intervene. Meanwhile, domestic priorities are languishing. Real wages are falling, as are high school and college graduation rates. The percentage of Americans with no insurance is rising, as is the percentage who are food insecure and truly poor. Social support programs like fuel assistance and food pantries are increasingly overwhelmed.

6. Worldwide, agricultural yields are falling while populations rise. We are eating our grain reserves, and because of our growing reliance on biofuels, we are risking starving the poor world, inflating prices for the rich world while depleting our remaining agricultural resources to keep our cars going. The world now has less than 3 weeks grain reserves, as Australia essentially gives up on a meaningful harvest and Europe struggles with a spring drought.

7. Economic inequity of every sort is on the rise. 60% of China's much vaunted wealth is in the hands of less than 1% of its population. American economic inequality is as bad as it was right before the stock market crash. One out of every 7 Americans currently lives on $7 per day, which is roughly equivalent to the $2 per day that constitutes absolute poverty in third world nations - that is, one out of every seven Americans would, but for the increasingly shredded safety net, be living in the equivalent of a third world slum. Growing shantytowns in California and Arizona actually do look just like third world slums.

8. By 2050, one out of every 3 people in the world is expected to be short of water, and 1 person out of 7 can expect to be displaced. According to some climate models, much of the American west has a 100% chance of severe, annual warm season droughts. The same is true for much of Australia, the Mediterranean and Southern Europe, and vast parts of Europe and Asia. Almost 1 billion people may be water refugees.

There are more, of course - we could write about the decreasing critical thinking and educational skills of average Americans, the aging population, rising anger and rejection of the political process, corporate power, the problem of dealing with an increasing number of disasters, the structural problem of dismantling and rebuilding infrastructure like car based transportation systems and globalized economies, but you get the point. The problem isn't peak oil, or climate change, or water depletion in and of itself. The problem is that the juggler has all the balls in the air right now, and more are coming. And no matter how deft and graceful, at some point, the juggler falters.

So here is the question. Can we voluntarily give things up? Can we change our rate of consumption, and choose what amounts to voluntary peasantry? Can we drop our ecological footprint, our needs and desires, our habits and practices enough that we can be ready when the juggler drops the ball? Or maybe even help the juggler hold on?

I know some of you don't really believe in collapse. After all, the 20th century meant the invention of world-scale collapse, and ever since we discovered we could actually kill pretty much the whole human race, we've been fascinated with it and going on about it. If you are a baby boomers, you've lived through nuclear annhilation drills and ice age predictions, an energy crisis, worries about epidemics and y2k, and you are still a middle class guy with a mortgage. So why believe in this one?

I'd say for two reasons. The first is that the odds are so good - again, look at the models. Remember, TLG didn't predict a likely collapse in the 1970s - new reporters fixated on TLG did. The timing proposed wasn't radically dissimilar to the one we're actually seeing. Is collapse inevitable? No, it isn't. But there is no question that if you start using up your capital, someday you will be broke. And we're using our capital at an alarming rate - we're depleting the soil our kids will grow food on. We're burning the forests that they will use to modulate temperatures. We're polluting and using up the water they will want to drink. I do not think we should bet on ths problem never coming home to roost - or on their forgiving us for it.

But more importantly, look back at your parents and your grandparents. How many of them went through their lives without something that resembled a major disaster - a war or three, a depression, a pogrom, a decolonialization, a revolution, a monetary collapse, inflation, or something more person - hunger, disability, disease without safety net. Why is it that we've come to believe that 3 generations of peace and prosperity means that nothing bad will ever happen again? I'm pretty sure that during the prosperous late 10th and early-to-mid 11th century in Britain, most of the peasants thought nothing bad would ever happen again too. After all, Britain had been at peace and prosperous for nearly a hundred years, or so they thought in 1065.

We really only have two choices, whether viewed from an ethical or a practical perspective. One of them is to stop hoarding all the cookies, stop stealing from future generations, stop fucking over the poor, and start living, right now, like an ordinary person in an ordinary world. We need to stop believing our wealth can protect us from everything, and accept that a certain degree of vulnerability is a reality. We need to be willing to make the ordinary sacrifices that other generations have made for their own children - that is, to give up our comforts and wealth and risk our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor in order to ensure a future for our kids.

The other choice is to let it happen on its own, and to see if we can inhabit the space of collapse. See if we can get along - if we'll be as fortunate as the Cubans, or if this will be more like the Soviet Union, where lifespans dropped into the 50s, or like Iraq. And the choice is to be known to the rest of the world as people who took up their responsibilities, or as the most hated nation in the world, the ones who kept fiddling while the earth burned.

Which brings me to the project I wrote about in "Starting the Riot For Austerity" - Miranda and I (and a bunch of you - have I mentioned how grateful I am to have the company!?) are going to try and make massive cuts in our emissions and energy use. When I proposed this project, I didn't realize quite how difficult it would be even for us. I thought "we're used to consuming little, what's a bit less." But this is a lot less - we're looking at living a lot more like Chinese peasants (at least in terms of energy consumption, if not lifestyle) than like Americans. And that's scary - for all that we know that the life of an ordinary peasant (that is, most human beings through most of history) was not inevitably a hell, Americans are opposed to being peasants. The message of America is "I'm extraordinary, and I'm entitled to everything I can get my hands on." Peasants are ordinary. Their entitlements are traditional, fairly simple, and imperfect.

I wish I could say that I'd have the courage to do this simply because it was morally right. I'm not sure that's true. I'm a coward sometimes. But we've moved past right to moraly necessary. If we are to inhabit our future, we can do it gracefully, or be dragged kicking and screaming along by events. I choose grace, or I think I do.

I'll be posting more information about our emissions/energy cuts project later today or tomorrow. We've made some revisions and are still working on the details of setting up simple calculations.

Shalom,

Sharon

20 comments:

Robyn said...

hi - I just discovered your blog (love the name!!) and it very exciting to read. thanks for sharing your thoughts.

Anonymous said...

Glad you are burning the candle at both ends to get this started.

MEA

Anonymous said...

Glad you got your corn in yesterday (we're supposed to get a freeze tonight, which is late for us in zone 5 in SE Michigan). So our corn will have to wait another week or so...

I think that your argument for the non-exceptionalism of this generation--that most generations have experienced trauma, and it may very well be our turn--is very powerful and persuasive. I've been trying to communicate to friends and family my sense of urgency about doing with less, making and growing more to friends and family, and this is the argument that seems to get the most traction, and gets people motivated. Go figure.

Jill

PS Your blog is great, and you are making a difference--you get me going, and I've gotten others in my community to make changes in their lives. So thanks, and know that your energy is well-placed!

anna j said...

sobering to be at the mercy of the jugglers... or to be one of them, even.

i'm excited to hear more about the 93% project. i'm hoping to join you in it as much as i can.

RAS said...

Drat it Sharon, and here I thought the original article was depressing enough. ;-)


Btw, here's Carolyn Baker's latest. According to her, collapse is happening NOW. http://carolynbaker.org/archives/unprepared-uncompensated-and-clueless-prophets-have-become-historians-by-carolyn-baker

(And no, I don't spend all my time on the net, but I do run a Social Justice newletter, so I tend to keep track of such things.)

awlknottedup said...

Tainter's Book "The Collapse of Complex Societies" describes the collapse of many previous societies. In his analysis, many societies collapsed from many pressures and often a single memorial event became the tipping point. In the end most societies collapsed because their citizens found the collapse to be better than continuation of a society that lost its legitimization. "No longer being able to cope."

Alan said...

Sharon, Please supply some kind of source for your reference to "Growing shantytowns in California and Arizona..." I am a pretty well-informed person and I haven't seen anything about such a development.

Mandarina said...

Sharon, as I hope you hear often, from others all over the world, you are an utter inspiration and a multinational mentor.

Here in Sydney, our challenges are somewhat different, for instance electricity generation is coal, and we are for the moment wedded to an urban existence. Nevertheless the SF Compact appears to have taken off in some circles, and I look forward to promoting within those circles a revolution with similar (urban-adjusted) energy reduction targets.

Stay tuned for the Sydney spin-off.
I am so grateful to have found your blog.

Anonymous said...

Hi Sharon,
Thanks for the thought provoking posts. I have been following you for quite a while~~~from Homesteading Today, I'm PATRICE IN ILLINOIS. I would like to add you to my links on my blog http://patricespage.blogspot.com/ if you wouldn't mind.

Correne said...

I am fairly new to reading this blog, and I am very interested in becoming more self-sufficient and being less wasteful, so I LOVE all the information about how to do that.

I find the "peak oil" and impending doom stuff kind of confusing. I live in Alberta (Canada), and in yesterday's newspaper, there is the following quote:

"There is no question that demand for oil in North America will continue to grow in coming years and the positive news, given the location of the oilsands, is that Alberta has the supply to meet this demand. With 175 billion barrels of proven reserves and 2.25 trillion barrels of oil ultimately recoverable, Alberta - and Canada - will be the beneficiaries of this massive reserve for generations." (by David MacInnis, writing for the Edmonton Journal, page A19)

For generations? The way your blog tells it, we're in trouble NOW, not next year, not next decade, not generations from now.

Around here, there are a lot of people who will argue with you for a LONG time that climate change isn't real, and if it is real, it isn't caused by human activity.

I don't know who to believe, but I do think that throwing a lot of trash into landfills isn't being a good steward of our resources, and that becoming self-sufficient is ALWAYS a good thing, no matter where you live.

jewishfarmer said...

Hi Alan - One of the first major articles on this phenomenon appeared in Mother Jones some years ago. You can see it here: http://projects.is.asu.edu/pipermail/hpn/2003-November/007806.html. There are more articles about Duroville and its sisters out there as well. Here's one that's somewhat more recent from the LA times. http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-trailerpark26mar26,0,5417975,full.story?coll=la-home-headlines

Patrice, go right ahead and link - thanks!

Corrine, I'm certainly no expert on the prospective returns of tar sands, but as I understand it, the production of liquid fuels from tar sands is water, natural gas and resource intensive, and environmentally problematic. It is only possible to turn a profit extracting oil from tar sands as long as water availability is good and gas is cheap - and neither scenario is likely to be true over the long term. Capital costs are already above 55% of every barrel, I believe.

There are lots of people who know much more than I do about this. If you go to www.energybulletin.net, and do a search on tar sands, you'll find *lots* more information than I can offer, and be able to make up your own mind more easily.

HTH,

Sharon

Ultimately, tar sands, like many other energy sources, are dependent on other, fossil energies for production.

Alan said...

Hi, Sharon,
Both of those links about shantytowns were truncated by the comment field. I've noticed that the comment field doesn't seem to word-wrap URLs, so they get cut off. Please post them again and put a hard CR in there in line with the word-wrapped text. I can take it out to load the site. Thanks.

jlpicard2 said...

1st link - Mother Jones

2nd link - more recent from the LA times

Note that you can cut and paste such URLs. Click and hold below and to the left of the URL, and move the cursor directly to the left of the URL while still holding the left mouse button. The URL should be highlighted. You can then right click and copy (or control-c) and paste the whole URL into your browser.

jewishfarmer said...

jlpicard2, thanks so much for correcting my links.

Alan, I haven't the faintest idea what you just asked me to do ;-). Sorry about the links, and thankfully someone else figured it out.

Sharon

Unknown said...

Well, I ran away from Hong Kong to hide in the Slovenian Alps thinking that there would be water (Alpine rain shadow from the Adriatic) and the chance to move agriculture to the high pastures when things deteriorated. Yes - I do have grandchildren. However, I have been met by the spring Mediterranean drought you mentioned, and have been watering the vegetables by hand every day from our ephemeral stream...a previously unheard-of situation. The Mediterranean littoral is in far worse shape, with crops withering and fruit failing.It is upon us NOW. I fear for the future. Despite all my efforts and best plans there can be no escaping the fate of Spaceship Earth. I love you all: man, beast and plant, but sadly Earth no longer endures. Let us enjoy the glorious past.

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